Life In The Harlem Renaissances - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1737 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/23 Category Art Essay Level High school Topics: Renaissance Essay Did you like this example? The Harlem Renaissance originally called the new negro movement it started up in the 1920rs and went all the way to the 1930rs. After the first world war and the stock market crash African Americans wanted a new beginning, they wanted out of the Jim Crow Laws they wanted out of segregation. Many African Americans migrated and moved from the south to the north. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Life In The Harlem Renaissances" essay for you Create order One City that caught major attention was in New York the city formally known as Harlem it became one of the largest African American communities. In Harlem new ideas were formed new artist, musicians, writers, and singers saw a new beginning. It was the golden ages for African American culture. Being able to live in Harlem opened up the door for so many Africans Americans it gave them the freedom to express themselves in their art, music, poems, and so much more. New black influences started to come up like W.E.B Du Bois who promoted black pride and he encouraged African Americans to become self-determined and to build themselves up in this world. Next there is Duke Ellington a jazz musician who played many instruments and started a new sound that all cultures enjoyed. Then there is Langston Hughes was an American writer of poetry, novels, and screen plays. James Mercer Langston Hughes was born on February 1902 in Joplin Missouri. As his life continues, he will become one of the biggest leaders in the Harlem Renaissance. Hughes introduced a new form of literature that reflected confidence and racial pride. His work showed social awareness, his work was greatly admired because he wrote before and after his time. Hughes was one of the widest ranged black American writers his work was showed equally for all ethnics. Life was not always easy for Langston Hughes his parents separated so he spent most of his time living with his grandmother. His mother lived in Topeka Colorado and father lived in Mexico. His Father was very strict and cold, after his marriage to Carrie and after the death of his first child he moved to Mexico, so he could try to start a new life. He succeeded, and he became very successful to now support Langston as he grows up. Langston and his grandmother Mary Leary Langston lived in Kansas. Money was a problem, but his grandmother began to rent out rooms or the entire house to college students. H ughes grandmother was a great influence on his life until she died in 1915. After his grandmotherrs death he moved in with his aunt and uncle who constantly tried to get him to join a church. In the seventh grade Hughes got his first job cleaning an old hotel near a school which would later inspire Brass Spittoons. In 1917 Langston Hughes began to attend Central High School in Cleveland Ohio. He ran track, joined the student magazine where wrote poetry for the Belfry Owl, he made the honor roll, and edited the schoolrs yearbook. He began to make friend with Jewish kids because he believed that children of foreign-born parents to be more democratic than of white Americans. He was fascinated in reading Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche, Edna Ferber and much more. Hughes was depressed most of his teenage life he thought about commenting suicide, but he couldnt go through with it. He eventually dated a woman who inspired him to write about the beauties of the black women. She also inspired him to write the lyric When Sues Wears Red. In 1920 he graduated High School and he moved to Texas with his father. While on the train crossing the Mississippi River Hughes wrote The Negro Speaks of Rivers. His Father James Hughes offered to pay for Hughes college if he studies engineering. In 1921 Langston Hughes enrolled in Columbia University he realized quickly that his childhood was over and that he had to transition to adulthood. He stopped attending classes to go watch Broadway shows and lectures at Rand School. He missed a lot of important exams and after Finals Hughes dropped out of college. In 1923, he wrote a poem that would give him the title to his first volume of poetry The weary blues. Hughes writes about a musician that get tired or wears himself out as he is singing the blues. In the winter of 1925 Hughes started working at the Wardman Park Hotel where he met Vachel Lindsay. Hughes see an opportunity, so he starts to leave copies of his poems Jazzonia, Negro Dancer, and The Weary Blues for Lindsay to see. Lindsay pulls a couple of strings and he get Hughes name in the paper and he is finally discovered. As the year goes on Hughes won his first poetry competition sponsored by Casper Holstein a rich West Indian banker. At the contest Hughes Met Carl Van V echten, Hughes sent copies of his poems to Van Vechten and he was very pleased by his work, so he sent Hughes poems to his publisher who promise Langston to publish his book. His poetry during this time was about young romance. He began to write Fantasy Purple as I Grew Older Trouble Women and Mother to Son. All of these poems were added on into the Weary blues which Hughes published on January 1926. Not everyone was pleased about what Hughes wrote about they called him and his work racist and harsh, and some found his work to be inspirational because of how he explained and wrote about life in Harlem. In February 1926 he visited Lincoln Illinois and decided to enroll at Lincoln University. Hughes later find himself moving to Harlem New York on 137th Street, where lived by and met many great people. As time went on Hughes found it more and more easy to incorporate more genres to his poetry. Hughes defined himself as a citizen-poet. Hughes said, A poet is a human being, and each human being must live within his time. He saw the hardship Blacks had to face more than whites. He wrote about the troubling society he wrote about jazz and blues, and most importantly he wrote about black identify, And black pride. Hughes found his three literary vocabulary when it came to his work. He used the u nremembered place of origin in Africa, the unrealized yet perfectible social spaced of America, and the unprecedented enclave of black Harlem. As life went on Hughes work got deeper his poem written in 1932-1933 were written about inequality, exploitation, and the injustice he observed in America. This hardship inspired him to write Good Morning Revolution. A poem about a man his workers all day but still seems to struggle in life he watches his boss lives lavishly and doesnt do any type of work. Later published on September 1932 which was then rejected by the Saturday newspaper to not appear in inside their post. After that experience he was motivated write more poems just like Good Morning Revolution. In the summer of 1937 Hughes travel to Europe to write about the Spanish civil war. The Spanish civil war started in 1936-1939 cause by the military revolting against the Spanish government which was led by the dictator Manuel Azana. After he revolution it led to a bloody cruel war. While being in Spain the people felt confused to see Langston, a black American. He came into contact with prisoner and he found out the reason why some of them were imprisoned and he felt disgusted and hurt by the reason. While in Spain he wrote Postcards from Spain Letters from Spain. Hughes still continued to write about life in Harlem but as the years passed the excitement left and reality in Harlem started to show in Langstonrs poems. For Hughes Harlem changed for the worse. His poetry began to talk about loneliness abandonment, suicide, dying people. He published Shakespeare in Harlem and he Montage of a Dream Deferred. where he talked about how dreams deferred, how dreams die or become destroyed. He talks about how dream can dry up like a raisin in the sun. He also goes on to write One-Way-Ticket where he described to us how African Americans were just expected to pick up everything they had to move from the south to the north because of the unfair treatment, the lynching, and the Jim crow laws. He expressed his bitterness he expressed his hurt. After Hughes Published Montage of a Dream Deferred, he inspired younger poets to write and find meaning as they lived in Harlem. Langston then moved on to start writing Afro-American Vernacular music which consist of American music, Jazz, and folksongs. His new works began to receive good and negative thoughts. Langston didnt care he thought the music and the poetry should had the same background. He finally founded something that took the hurt and pain away. He was excited to write and hear people sing his music. Some people thought he was braved to try something new and other like W.E.B DuBois thought it was too much. He thought a black man who fought so hard to gain respect as black man crossing the line. Langston Hughes is one of the greatest American poets, playwriter, song writer, and novelist to live during the Harlem renaissance. Langston died on May 22, 1967 at the age of 65 from prostate cancer. Bibliography Primary Source Books: Steven C. Tracy A historical guide to Langston Hughes. (Oxford New York, Oxford University press inc 2004). R. Baxter miller Langston Hughes, 1902-1967: A brief Biography. (Oxford New York, Oxford University press inc 2004) 23-62 James De jongh The poet Speaks of places (Oxford New York, Oxford University press inc) 2004) 65-84 Steven C. Tracy Langston Hughes And Afro-American Vernacular Music (Oxford New York, Oxford University press inc 2004) Secondary Source Book: James de Jongh Vicious modernism: Black Harlem and the Literary Imagination (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990) Steven C. Tracy Langston Hughes The Blues ( United States of America: The Board of Trustees of the university of Illinois 1988) Journal Articles: Dawahare, Anthony. Langston Hughess Radical Poetry and the ?End of Race. Melus, vol. 23, no. 3, 1998, p. 21., doi:10.2307/467676. Brinkman, Bartholomew. Movies, Modernity, and All That Jazz: Langston Hughesrs Montage of a Dream Deferred. African American Review, vol. 44, no. 1-2, 2011, pp. 85â€Å"96., doi:10.1353/afa.2011.0040. Watson, Renee. Langston Hughes. Remember Langston Hughesrs Anger Alongside His Joy, 1995, doi:10.4324/9781315861593. Website: Donquijote. Spanish civil war (1936-1939)-History of Spain- Don Quijote, 1989, www.donquijote.org/spanish-culture/history/spanish-civil-war/. Langston Hughes Poetry Foundation, Poetry Foundation,2018, www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/Langston-Huges

A Parent s Role On Child Development - 804 Words

When people become parents, few understand that the role of a parent changes, and evolves as their child grow. Their new job begins with cuddles, diaper changes, late night feedings and sleep depravation. It is during this time, a bond is made, making the child - parent relationship, one of the most special relationships in their lifetime. In no time at all, they watch their child experience the terrible twos, and the first day of kindergarten. They watch them grow through school, where they will make new friends, go on dates and get their driver s license. During this time, the parent role adjusts to their child s needs, giving support, guidance and love along the way. During infancy, a parent s role is that of nurturer and provider. It is a parent s primary function to respond to the needs of the child. They are responsible for the everyday care of the infant, such as eating, diapering and bathing. From these day to day interactions, parents and child start to shape a relationship, teaching the child how to socialize. (n.d.) This is the child s first relationship, and as theorist Bowlby and Ainsworth posited, the tone of this relationship will influence all future relationships. (Roisman Groh, 2011) When a child becomes a toddler and a preschooler, they begin to assert their desire for independence. Now that they are mobile and verbal, they can communicate their likes and dislikes. It is during this time a parent begins to offer direction, social organizationShow MoreRelatedFamily Participation And Child Needs Special Education1509 Words   |  7 PagesParents are their child s best exponents. Parents know their children better than anyone els e. That s why parent involvement play a crucial role when the child needs special education. This essay will discuss the importance of family participation and impacts of family participation in special education. 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In society, children are surrounded by many influential models, such as parents within the family, characters on children’sRead MoreParental Influence On Gender Roles1179 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 120 – Fall 2017 October 8, 2017 Parental Influence on Gender Roles in Children A person s gender identity is a multi-faceted social construct that is defined as a person s sense of being male or female in various combinations; gender roles are then defined as behaviors learned by a person as appropriate to their gender, determined by the prevailing cultural norms. From the moment of birth when a parent hears their baby s gender an identity has begun to form. When we meet a new person, weRead MoreChildren With The Parent Families1287 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationships. Children from one-parent families achieve less and get into trouble more than children from two parent families.†( The Consortium for the Study of School Needs of Children from One Parent Families, 1980). Children in single-parent homes are becoming more common now days; more so single mother families, where there is an absent father in the child’s life. Whether the father is present or absent in the child’s life, they still have an influence in the development of the child. A father’s influenceRead MoreParenting Styles : Parental Child Rearing1262 Words   |  6 Pagesan integral role in the development of a child. During the first few years of life, the parents assume a special role of importance as their child progresses through a unique period of human development. As parents guide their young children from complete depe ndence into the beginning stages of self autonomy, parenting styles can have both immediate and lasting effects of the child s social functioning in addition to their mental and physical development. In order to ensure the child reaches theirRead MoreMy First Teacher As A Teacher1679 Words   |  7 PagesDo you know who your first teacher is? In most situation that parents is the first teachers that we have in our lives. When we were born, the first we know is our parent, parents start to teach us how to live, develop child skill, to speak, and how to connect this real world. I think the most professional teachers that we have in school, parents are generally the most involved in the development and education of children. Parents generally have a greater commitment to their children than their teachersRead MoreThe Centrality Of Play For A Child s Social Development1234 Words   |  5 Pagescentrality of Play for a child’s social development Play is so important in a child’s development that the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights has recognized it as a right of every child (Parents Magazine, 2015). Play is also important in social development as highlighted in my poster for parents, this rationale of my poster will discuss the key theories, processes and messages that are presented when looking at how play affects social development. Many theorists including Vygotsky, PiagetRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Human Development1712 Words   |  7 PagesCompared to Sigmund Freud s theory of human development, where he believed our personality is shaped around the age of five, Erik Erickson s (1902-1994) theory focuses on psychosocial development. That being said, psychosocial development is a theory made more specifically for children as they grow to adulthood based on what they ve seen and think from their parents, peers, and their upcoming experiences. He believed that a person s childhood is the i mportant aspect in developing personalityRead MoreShedding Light On Freud s Controversial Psychoanalytic Theory1525 Words   |  7 PagesKraft St. Johns River State College: Human Growth and Development Shedding Light on Freud’s Controversial Psychoanalytic Theory Psychoanalytic theories suggest that developmental changes happen due to the power of internal drives and emotions. Sigmund Freud, a Viennese physician, is said to be the founding father of this theory. He believed biological impulses, such as a need for food and sex, were the driving impulses for personality development (Denise Boyd Helen Bee, 2012, p. 25). In fact, oneRead MoreGender Socialization Of Children : Gendered Toys, Media, And Parental Affects Child Development1289 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Gender role expectations are inescapable in our society as we naturally tend to sort humans into categories, the easiest one being gender. 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Consumer Behavior Analysis Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Comsumer Behavior. Answer: Background information The chosen product is a Dell Inspiron signature Edition Laptop, with 15.6 full HD touch-screen, i5 microprocessor, 8GB Random access memory (RAM), 1 terabyte internal memory and Windows 10 operating system specs. The machine is suitable for multitasking and with its high internal storage of 1 terabyte the Laptop is able to store many files internally without having to source for external disks or using cloud storage which will require internet connectivity to be able to access files. The consumers are two University students which I interviewed in one of the Universities around. Consumer 1 was a 19 year old, male, third year student taking undergraduate studies in Education. Apart from studies consumer has a side hustle of buying latest movies online and reselling the same to the fellow students in the University. His work requires high speed PC with high internal memory probably beyond 800 GB so that he can be able to store the movies as well as storing his class work in school. He is also an upcoming DJ and sometimes does gigs in University for free to fellow students especially at the beginning of every semester and as he puts it to welcome back students to school life after break. Review, D. and Review, D. (2017). Dell XPS 13. [online] Laptopmag.com. Available at: https://www.laptopmag.com/reviews/laptops/dell-xps-13 [Accessed 20 Apr. 2017]. The second participant in the interview consumer 2 was 20 year old, female student in the same University as consumer 1, taking undergraduate studies in software Engineering. She is into software development and already she develops simple apps for fellow students such her University Student Union App that allows students to share the challenges they are facing in University whether academic or social. Since the University has high population of students the problems posted on the platform developed by consumer 2 are always solved fast enough without much ado. She always intents to commercialize her talent and started visiting various companies in her local city to try and see if she can develop them an app or a software which can better streamline their operations. The Dell PC she had i3 processor and 500 GD internal memory. Review, D. and Review, D. (2017). Dell XPS 13. [online] Laptopmag.com. Available at: https://www.laptopmag.com/reviews/laptops/dell-xps-13 [Accessed 20 Apr. 201 7]. Both types of purchase were limited and high involvement decision. Analysis of the respondents decision making process Problem recognition The first consumer was experiencing challenges in storage capacity in his Laptop has his customer number grew with time. He was a times forced to delete older movies in his internal spaces and save them in external disk which presents another challenge of ensuring he carries it with him wherever he goes. He would a time save the files in Google hard-drive commonly which has small memory capacity per account not enough to hold several movies. This problem made him of purchasing a PC with better capacity memory as well as high speed. The HP laptop he had only had 250GB internal memory and i3 processor which means its speed was also not sufficient especially when he needs to multitask downloading a movie and burning others for clients. (Noel, 2009) The second consumer experienced challenges when she needed a bigger memory also where she can have all her files together in one place and use external memories only as backups. She also needed a machine with high speed processing capabilities i5 processor and above so that she can load her software efficiently especially for demonstration purposes to a potential client. Search process The two consumers utilized search engines such as Google in searching for the relevant information on best offers available on PCs especially those with high internal memory and high processing speed. They also sought information from fellow students and friends who had experience with several machines they had and were using them. Both consumers begun their risk management at this stage by avoiding buying machines with less than i5 processor capabilities as they were keen not fall into the trap with a machine with high internal memory but low processor speed. (Mihart, 2012) Evaluating Alternatives Both consumers arrived at a conclusion that the PC which will help the effectively carry out their tasks and solve the problems they were facing must be having a minimum specification of 1 terabyte internal hard disk or memory with a minimum of i5 processor. The other specification like battery life and sleekness or outward appearance were secondary to them and were willing to compromise as long as the primary specs are met fully. Both consumers considered a number of PC available which met and exceeded their primary specification like HP Pavilion which had i7 processor and 1 terabyte internal memory but were both put off by the price which was ranging from 800 USD to 850 USD depending on the store. Consumer 1 went to several stores looking for best deals for the HP PC but in the end he couldnt find a store with better price for him. For consumer 2 she only went to one major store and drew all comparisons from the store. This was her friends Computer store and she couldnt go elsewher e to do her checks. She also pointed out that the store had good reputation of having good quality affordable computer machines and accessories. (Mihart, 2012) Selection stage After careful considerations they both settled on purchasing Dell Inspiron Laptop, the machine with 1terabyte internal memory and i5 microprocessor. This machine was the best balance according to them with regard to price and specification. Consumer1 purchased his product from an online store which retailed at 380 USD. The online store was carrying out their first sales launch as it was opening its online platform for the first time to clients apart from the physical shop they had in the city. This price was highly subsidized and Consumer 1 learned about it through a social media advert he came across. Consumer 2 had to purchase the same product from her friends store for friendship reasons. She also intended to build a business relationship with her so that she can refer to her clients who visit her computer store inquiring about software. She bought the product at 420 USD. Evaluation of Decision After purchasing the products both consumers were satisfied with their performance. Consumer one could easily multitask on several operations for different clients such as burning to disks, saving to USB sticks, downloading new series and checking internal memory for other previous movies downloaded. He could keep his movies for longer period without deleting incase a customer pops up to inquire about it. Consumer 2 would was able to load and carry out demonstrations to her potential clients smoothly without machines hanging or loading slowly. Comparisons between respondents purchase decision making process and existing literature. On the first part of problem recognition the consumers demonstrated similarities with existing literature whereby they were both in a problem that they needed solved just as captured in the previous literature. The consumers needed to solve the storage size and speed problem which they were facing. There was however difference on the fact that both consumers had an avenue of considering buying external memories and continue using the same machines but they could not this direction to avoid carrying with them too many gadgets wherever they go. Most Literature I read on this topic did not contain this aspect on this part. (Yap and Yazdanifard, 2014) On the search process the two respondents utilized search engines as well as their friends and fellow students. They also used previous experience they had from previous machines they were using. This is reminiscent to what is captured in the existing literature and I did not find any evidence on the difference between the two cases. The evaluating alternative stage the consumers took a bit different routes while consumer 1 went to several stores to evaluate his product consumer 2 felt the need to boost her friends business and could not evaluate her product by visiting various stores. This is a difference from the existing literature as all of the literature I considered did not have this aspect where friendship could affect the nature of the evaluation stage in consumer purchasing process. (Yap and Yazdanifard, 2014) The selecting stage also had some similarities as well as difference with the previous literature. While consumer 1 was swayed by the advert he came across social media to buy the product from a new online store launching services as captured in the literature, consumer two had to stick to her friend computer store and ended up paying 40 USD more than the first respondent for the same product. Therefore this was the only difference I noted on this stage of the consumer decision making process. (Shankar, Cova and Kozinets, 2007) On the final stage of evaluation decision there was no difference in the way these two consumers behaved in comparison with the existing literature. The consumers gave feedback on whether the product was able to solve their problems just as captured in the literature that I considered. Conclusion In conclusion, we have seen how the two consumers went about the process of selecting the Dell Inspiron product. From the first stage of problem identification through the last stage of evaluation decision, we have noted similarities and difference in comparison to the existing literatures especially on the consumer number two who had friendships reason to incorporate into her decision making process. In future more research should be done on the effect other aspects like friendships has on the purchase decision making process of the consumer. Marketers should also consider channeling more adverts towards social media feeds as this is now one of the major platforms where companies can meet potential clients and pitch to them about their products or services. The traditional marketing techniques such as radio adverts should have less attention as found out in this research. More research can however be done to ascertain this finding. (Shankar, Cova and Kozinets, 2007) References Burnett, M. and Lunsford, D. (2010). Conceptualizing Guilt in the Consumer Decision?making Process. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 11(3), pp.33-43. Mihart, C. (2012). Impact of Integrated Marketing Communication on Consumer Behaviour: Effects on Consumer Decision Making Process. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 4(2). Nair. (2010). Consumer behaviour marketing research. [Place of publication not identified]: Himalaya Publishing House. Noel, H. (2009). Basics Marketing : Consumer Behaviour. AVA Academia. Quester, P., Pettigrew, S. and Hawkins, D. (2011). Consumer behaviour. New York: McGraw- Hill. Review, D. and Review, D. (2017). Dell XPS 13. [online] Laptopmag.com. Available at: https://www.laptopmag.com/reviews/laptops/dell-xps-13 [Accessed 21 Apr. 2017]. Shankar, A., Cova, B. and Kozinets, R. (2007). Tribal marketing. Oxford: Butterworth- Heinemann. Yap, C. and Yazdanifard, R. (2014). How Consumer Decision Making Process Differ From Youngster to Older Consumer Generation. Journal of Research in Marketing, 2(2), p.151.

Culture or Diversity Differences in Workplace

Question: Discuss about the Culture or Diversity Differences in Workplace. Answer: Introduction It is considered to be more important for the different firms to be culturally diverse as it helps in bringing out the desired creativity in the workplace concerned. In order to understand the desired importance of becoming more culturally diverse, McDonald Corporation of Australia has been taken under consideration (Hewlett et al., 2013). It is one of the fastest growing firms operating throughout the different parts of the world. The Company has a large number of the employees coming from different countries. This research paper will help in evaluating the differences in the diversity and culture with the help of the culture dimensions. Leaders need to use the effective leadership style as to enhance the effectiveness of the firm. The difference in the different cultures needs to be understood in an effective manner as it helps in evaluating the desired growth of the firm on a large scale. Differences in culture and diversity by using Cultural Dimensions The diversity practices have been seen throughout the workplace in McDonald Corporation. At times, the people coming from different places had to suffer from several issues and this gave rise to conflicts and quarrels within the workplace concerned. As per Hofstedes cultural dimension theory, there are some of the important dimensions which help in highlighting the different factors affecting the diversity practices within the workplace concerned. These dimensions are dimension of the national culture, individualism vs. collectivism, Uncertainty, masculinity vs. femininity, long term and short term orientation and the indulgence (Ang Van Dyne, 2015). People coming from different cultures are first unable to cope up with the desired environment of the workplace but as soon as the training is provided to them and with effective means of the diversity practices the differences between the diverse cultures are reduced. Different people have their own view regarding a particular thing an d as per their cultures are concerned they generally used to do as their way and it them hamper the business processes effectively (Chhokar et al., 2013). In McDonald Corporation, some sort of individualism is seen in many of the employees revealing their own concepts only. These dimensions need to be understood in an effective way as to reduce the conflicts arising from diverse cultures of the people. Comparing and contrasting the diversity factors with the differences presented in the workplace There are different diversity factors throughout the workplace which need to be understood and rectified as they affect the business procedure of the concerned organization on a large scale (Klarsfeld et al., 2014). These factors are gender, age, sexual orientation, ethnicity, work experiences, religious belief and many others. Moreover, the religious beliefs of people are of great importance and different people have different religious beliefs and everyone should respect each others beliefs as to enhance the effectiveness of the workplace concerned. Comparison between different diversity factors reveals that the gender is another important factor which affects the execution of the workplace in an effective manner. Differences are present among employees who have sufficient educational qualifications with achievement as well as employees who are professional and on the work training enable their profession succession (Ashikali Groenevelda, 2015). The difference among these two groups might be a basis of disagreement in a number of places of work issues while theres the difference about hypothesis versus carry out in achieving managerial goals. Managing of the cultural or diversity differences The managing of the differences prevailing throughout the diverse culture needs to be evaluated as it helps in increasing the effectiveness of the organization on a larger scale. In McDonald Corporation, there should awareness throughout the people regarding the importance of the diverse cultures. The diversity practices help in increasing the efficiency of the entire firm by encouraging the talent of the diverse people coming from diverse cultures (Banks, 2015). The extra dissimilar cultures job together, the extra educational capability training is necessary to circumvent problems. Cultural troubles can variety from miscommunication to real disagreement; all endanger effectual worker efficiency as well as performance (Glickman et al., 2012). Communications can be used as the most vital tool in evaluating the effectiveness of the diversity practices. Determination of mitigation of these differences Effective measurement of these diverse it practices seems to be more important and in order to reduce these diversity and cultural differences people should understand and respect the culture of the other people concerned. Moreover, effective means of the communication processes is important as it helps in understanding the exact issues coming between the work processes of the people concerned. The understanding of the issues will help in formulating the effectual strategies s to enhance the overall efficiency of the entire firm to a large scale (Herrera et al., 2013). These differences can be easily mitigated by effective means of the communication processes moreover; people should respect the culture and the religious beliefs of the other employees concerned. Leadership style for managing these differences The leaders are considered to be more important in the development of the growth of an organization. There are different types of the leadership styles which help in managing the effectiveness of the entire organization moreover; it manages the diversity factors affecting the workplace concerned. There are six of the most crucial leadership styles such as directive, transactional, transformational, autocratic, and participative and Affiliation (Gruenewald Smith, 2014). Autocratic leaders merely create all the decision for their section plus are inclined to demonstrate little anxiety for persons. Employees do not contain the chance to give input. Characteristically, this consequences in elevated rates of low confidence, absenteeism as well as worker turnover. In an emergency circumstances, such as a natural tragedy, autocratic performance tends to obtain the finest results (Gaines, 2012). Characteristically, though, the majority leaders employ the main method in their organization ap proach. Educational traditions, as well as values, cooperate with the function in a leader's approach. Conclusion This research paper helps in evaluating the desired facts regarding the diversity management practices. In order to understand the factors affecting the business processes or the workplace concerned, McDonald Corporation has been taken into consideration. Different people have their own view regarding a particular thing and as per their cultures are concerned they generally used to do as their way and it them hamper the business processes effectively. The religious beliefs of public are of great importance and different people have diverse religious beliefs and everyone should respect each other's beliefs as to improve the efficiency of the place of work concerned. Hofstede's cultural dimensions are dimension of the national culture, individualism vs. collectivism, Uncertainty, masculinity vs. femininity, long term and short term orientation and the indulgence. Understanding the issues of the people and use of effective communicational techniques will help in reducing the conflicts b etween the workplace which arise from the diverse cultures of the people. References Ang, S., Van Dyne, L. (2015).Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge. Ashikali, T., Groeneveld, S. (2015). Diversity Management in Public Organizations and Its Effect on Employees Affective Commitment The Role of Transformational Leadership and the Inclusiveness of the Organizational Culture.Review of Public Personnel Administration,35(2), 146-168. Banks, J. A. (2015).Cultural diversity and education. Routledge. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013).Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Gaines, K. K. (2012).Uplifting the race: Black leadership, politics, and culture in the twentieth century. UNC Press Books. Glickman, C. D., Gordon, S. P., Ross-Gordon, J. M. (2012).The basic guide to supervision and instructional leadership. Pearson Higher Ed. Gruenewald, D. A., Smith, G. A. (Eds.). (2014).Place-based education in the global age: Local diversity. Routledge. Herrera, R., Duncan, P., Ree, M., Williams, K. (2013). Diversity As A Predictor Of Leadership Effectiveness.Journal of Diversity Management (Online),8(1), 1. Hewlett, S. A., Marshall, M., Sherbin, L. (2013). How diversity can drive innovation.Harvard Business Review,91(12), 30. Klarsfeld, A., Booysen, L. A., Ng, E., Roper, I., Tatli, A. (Eds.). (2014).9.78 E+ 12: Country Perspectives on Diversity and Equal Treatment. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Northern Rock Bank

Introduction Northern Rock is a bank operating under the umbrella of Virgin Money in the United Kingdom. It was established in 1965 and 30 years down the line, it had acquired approximately 53 building societies in England.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Northern Rock Bank specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Over the years this bank was being considered as one of the top lenders in the UK, especially in relation to mortgages. Prior to 2007, Northern rock had an investment plan which was to result in securitization. This according to Milne Wood involved â€Å"borrowing heavily in the UK and international money markets, extending mortgages to customers based on this funding and then re-selling these mortgages on international capital markets† (518). This, however, failed in 2007, when, owing to the global financial crisis, the demand for credit facilities from investors went down and Northern Rock was un able to pay back the credit it had obtained from the money markets. Lender of last resort This is a facility that allows banks to survive a financial crisis. It is mostly offered by the central bank. When Northern Rock was faced with the liquidity crisis in 2007, it looked up to the Bank of England for emergency support but this was not possible since it could not provide the facility. Many scholars, including Vesala (2006), Herring (2007), and Shin (2009) blame the situation in Northern Rock to the inability of the Bank of England to act promptly indicating that had it performed its role as a lender of last resort, the bank run would have been avoided. In fact, Shin indicates that â€Å"in its role as a lender of last resort, the Bank of England had been able to exert significant moral suasion over the banking sector, and the discount office was able to obtain information from banks on a purely informal basis† (2009,p.103).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other scholars believe that the Bank of England failed to act because Northern Bank had not provided it with sufficient information concerning its discount facilities. They also argue that the management of Northern Rock failed to heed to liquidity warnings and this acted as a hindrance when they needed assistance. These claims are, however, refuted by Freixas et al (2009). He asserts that a central bank is expected to perform its role irrespective of the actions of the other party (151). He states that â€Å"even when the central bank does not have the formal statutory responsibility for banking supervision, it can still obtain the information it needs to act as lender of last resort† (2009,p.152). Kane (2008) believes that the Northern rock issues exposed the faults in the government with regard to dealing with financial crisis. These faults include â€Å"the workings of emergen cy liquidity assistance, some others the workings of deposit insurance and some others the insolvency and pre-insolvency arrangements† (2008, p.50). All these boil down to the functions of the Central bank as a lender of last resort. Financial crises in banks are one of the greatest challenges in most economies, since failure of banks spells out a failure in the entire economy. Liquidity lending is therefore considered to be an important factor since it is usually the solution to most banks going through a crisis. Some of the instruments available to governments dealing with financial crises include â€Å"the central bank’s role as a lender of last resort, deposit insurance schemes, government’s policies to shield depositors’ insolvency laws, among other preventive measures† (FSA internal Audit division, 2008, p. 39). Despite all the other actions, the lender of last resort factor is the most effective since it provides the banks with the credit fac ilities to continue with their operations promptly. Prior to the crisis, Northern Rock was a successful institution though not influential to the point of thinking its failure would affect the economy in any way. This issue however attracted the attention of many financial analysts since it brought out the weaknesses of the Bank of England in dealing with crises faced by the banks.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Northern Rock Bank specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to this exposure, the government made a commitment to offer the required liquidity, and this worked since the bank run in Northern Rock stopped instantly. House of Commons (2008) therefore made a conclusion from this issue that the run would have been avoided all together, if all parties had been playing their roles effectively. This can, however, not be blamed on the Bank of England since it had not dealt with such an issue in the recent past . The activities in relation to acting as a lender of last resort were rarely carried out, hence the policies were outdated. This explains why the situation caught all relevant bodies including Northern Rock itself by surprise (House of Commons, 2008, p. 23). Northern rock and the FSA In the view of financial analysts, the crisis that hit Northern Rock in 2007 was predictable and some even argue that the crisis was not related to the activities of Northern bank per se. It is believed that the Financial Services Authority (FSA) played a major role in this. An article by Bank of England (2007) made an observation that FSA had given Northern Rock warnings concerning â€Å"the evolving trends in the market which included; sharp asset growth, systemic underpricing of risk, and the risk shifting characteristics of new financial instruments which would not be as water tight as they appeared to be† (2007,p. 2). FSA also indicated that the strategies being used by Northern Rock were u nstable since they were depending on large scale market funding; hence, placing the institution in a risky liquidity position. Besides this, FSA had also made an observation in the government’s regulatory system which it claims had a number of loopholes that exposed the financial institutions to issues similar to those of Northern Rock. These, according to FSA (2008) included â€Å"a fundamental flaw in the depository protection scheme, lack of established special bankruptcy regime for banks, lack of predictable resolution regime for handling troubled banks and the existence of an institutional structure of financial supervision that separated responsibility for systemic stability and lender of last resort from prudential supervision of individual banks† (FSA, 2008, p. 33).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Owing to the financial stability that had been witnessed in the region over the years, these observations seemed not to be having any ground, until the real risk was witnessed in Northern Rock, and this acted as a wakeup call to FSA. At the beginning of 2007, FSA considered Northern Rock as one of the best performing financial institutions in the UK. What it failed to realize at that time were the mortgage risks that it was exposed to owing to the fact that the institution dealt mostly with international investors. This risk was brought about by the financial crisis that was being witnessed all over the world during that period. Observations made later on indicated that â€Å"by mid-September, it had become apparent to Northern Rock that longer term funding markets were closed to it. Rollovers were largely continuing but at shorter and shorter maturities and Northern Rock lacked the option to draw on sufficient prearranged contingency liquidity lines of credit and did not benefit f rom a third party injection of capital† (FSA, 2008,p. 34). Due to this, FSA made an endorsement indicating that the Bank of England was deemed to provide liquidity facilities to all the banks that needed this kind of support in the UK, including Northern Rock. This crisis mainly focused on three institutions, the Bank of England, the treasury and FSA, owing to their joint responsibility of ensuring stability in the financial sector. FSA is blamed for permitting Northern Rock to raise its dividends irrespective of the already messed up financial position. An article by FSA Internal Audit Division (2008) supports these allegations by indicating that, â€Å"in in their own internal audits of the experience and compilation of the lessons learned from the Northern Rock failure contained a broad list of problems within FSA which included lack of rigor in the analyses conducted and failure to devote insufficient resources to monitoring what are regarded as high impact situationsâ₠¬  (Audit Division, 2008, p. 42). This report indicates that the major issues that led to this failure included organizational shortfalls, lack of sufficient skills in the supervisors, and poor methods of supervision, especially in large institutions operating at international levels. From the discussion, it is clear that FSA was in a position to save Northern Rock from the downfall, had it acted on the early signs. In fact, financial researchers such as Milne Wood (2008), Shin (2009) and Herring (2007) indicated that FSA devoted little time to the process of checking the level of stress tolerance in Northern Rock, hence ignoring many factors that eventually worked against the institution. Shin (2009) specifically points out that â€Å"insufficient attention was given to the banks challenging governance programs and risk mitigation processes† (2009, p.110). Herring (2007) concurrently indicates that â€Å"FSA not only ignored numerous early warning signs of troubles with N orthern Rock, but also ignored a breach of required minimum capital standards early in 2007† (p.10). Besides these, it was also noted that the bank failed to inform its stakeholders of this failure, and FSA was aware of this, but failed to take action. From this, a conclusion can be drawn that despite the fact that Northern Rock was responsible for its own peril, FSA also played a major role of not intervening where it would have been and also assuming the warning signs that were so loud and clear. Failure of prudential supervision In any financial setup, there are four aspects that need to be considered to come up with a stable financial system. The Bank of England (2007) indicates that â€Å"the first aspect is prudential regulation of financial firms, second is systemic stability, third is the lender of last resort role and finally the conduct of business regulation and supervision† (Bank of England,2007,p. 6). The issue in question especially in relation to the Nort hern Rock problem is the institution responsible for prudential supervision, whether it is the bank of Europe, the treasury or FSA. Irrespective of the institution responsible, this type of supervision is mandatory in financial institutions, failure to which results in cases such as what was experienced in Northern Rock (Freixas et al, 2007, p. 12). This conflict on the question of supervision mandate led the government to redefine the roles of the institutions in the financial sector. As a result of this, it was realized that supervision lies with FSA. The crisis in 2007 created the need to develop an official set of organizations and practices for assisting in the recovery of failing banks. This led to the officiating of a memorandum of understanding between the three bodies, that is, treasury, FSA and the Bank of Europe. A report by FSA internal audit division (2008) indicated that there were five basic standards that came with this agreement and these were â€Å"the existence o f a clear division of responsibilities, appropriate accountability arrangements, the avoidance of duplication of responsibilities, exchange of relevant information and mechanisms for crisis management† (2008,p.50). The causes behind the problem of Northern rock are interrelated to the extent that it is difficult to tell exactly what the main cause of this issue was. However, it was realized that prudential supervision of the banking institution was being conducted in a poor way and this is therefore deemed to be the greatest contributor to the whole problem. According to the Bank of England (2007) â€Å"this institution had been a pioneer in risk based supervision; focusing attention where it is most important† (2007, p. 8). This credit was however withdrawn after the Northern Rock crisis which revealed the poor laid supervision strategies. Many financial analysts believe that FSA was in a position to foresee this situation, long before it occurred. From this, it is evi dent that the Northern Rock crisis depicted a high level of failure in the prudential supervision of banking institutions. These failures according to FSA (2008) include â€Å"reliance upon seriously deficient accounting and capital adequacy standards; failure to monitor institutions in a timely, effective, and on-going fashion; failure to intervene appropriately when problems were identified; and promoting the welfare of the regulated institutions and the regulatory agency rather than the insurance fund or the taxpayer† (FSA, 2008, p.43). In fact, hearings in the House of Commons – a committee responsible for establishing the cause of the problems surrounding Northern Rock, indicated that FSA failed to perform effectively. House of Commons alleged that this was by way of â€Å"failing to monitor the institution and allowing Northern Rock to increase its dividends despite its troubled financial position† (2008, p.23). The supervisory evaluations of Northern Rock conducted by FSA did not put much emphasis on liquidity issues. Conclusion From the above discussion of the issues surrounding the Northern Rock problems, it is evident that these problems could have been avoided if all the parties concerned, that is, Northern Rock bank itself, the Bank of Europe and FSA were responsible for the actions that were taken before 2007. Northern Bank was responsible for the crisis in the sense that it did not perform a long term analysis of its actions. In its operations, it failed to consider the possibility of liquidity risks in the financial market. Bank of Europe was responsible in the sense that it did not act promptly as a lender of last resort in providing the credit requested by Northern Bank when it started experiencing the liquidity challenges. References Bank of England 2007, Financial Stability Report. Web. Freixas, X, Giannini, C, Hoggarth, G Soussa, F 2009, ‘Lender of last  Resort: a review of the literature’, Financial Sta bility Review, Vol. 7, pp. 151–167. FSA (2008) ‘The supervision of Northern Rock: a lessons learned review’, Internal Audit, pp. 32 – 43 FSA Internal Audit Division 2008, ‘The Supervision of Northern Rock’ A Lessons Learned Review, pp. 37 – 56 Herring, R 2007, ‘Resolution Strategies: Challenges Posed by Systemically Important Banks’, lecture at Regional Seminar on Financial Crisis Management, pp. 5 – 16 House of Commons 2008, ‘The run on the Rock’, Treasury Committee, Vol. 1, pp. 23 Kane, E 2008, ‘Regulation and supervision: an ethical perspective’, Principles v Rules in Financial Regulation, Vol. 2 no. 5, pp. 48 – 56 Milne, A Wood, G 2008, ‘Banking Crisis Solutions: Old and New’, Review (Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis), Vol. 1 no. 2, pp. 517–530. Shin, H 2009 ‘Reflections on Northern Rock: The Bank Run that Heralded the Global Financial Crisis’, Jo urnal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 101–119 Vesala, J 2006, ‘Which Model for Prudential Supervision in the EU’ Monetary Policy and Financial Market Stability, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.99-105. This case study on Northern Rock Bank was written and submitted by user Trinity Osborne to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Earths Core - Its Structure and Possible Composition

The Earth's Core - Its Structure and Possible Composition A century ago, science barely knew that the Earth even had a core. Today we are tantalized by the core and its connections with the rest of the planet. Indeed, were at the start of a golden age of core studies. The Cores Gross Shape We knew by the 1890s, from the way Earth responds to the gravity of the Sun and Moon, that the planet has a dense core, probably iron. In 1906 Richard Dixon Oldham found that earthquake waves move through the Earths center much slower than they do through the mantle around it- because the center is liquid. In 1936 Inge Lehmann reported that something reflects seismic waves from within the core. It became clear that the core consists of a thick shell of liquid iron- the outer core- with a smaller, solid inner core at its center. Its solid because at that depth the high pressure overcomes the effect of high temperature. In 2002 Miaki Ishii and Adam Dziewonski of Harvard University published evidence of an innermost inner core some 600 kilometers across. In 2008 Xiadong Song and Xinlei Sun proposed a different inner inner core about 1200 km across. Not much can be made of these ideas until others confirm the work. Whatever we learn raises new questions. The liquid iron must be the source of Earths geomagnetic field-   the geodynamo- but how does it work? Why does the geodynamo flip, switching magnetic north and south, over geologic time? What happens at the top of the core, where molten metal meets the rocky mantle? Answers began to emerge during the 1990s. Studying the Core Our main tool for core research has been earthquake waves, especially those from large events like the 2004 Sumatra quake. The ringing normal modes, which make the planet pulsate with the sort of motions you see in a large soap bubble, are useful for examining large-scale deep structure. But a big problem is nonuniqueness- any given piece of seismic evidence can be interpreted more than one way. A wave that penetrates the core also traverses the crust at least once and the mantle at least twice, so a feature in a seismogram may originate in several possible places. Many different pieces of data must be cross-checked. The barrier of nonuniqueness faded somewhat as we began to simulate the deep Earth in computers with realistic numbers, and as we reproduced high temperatures and pressures in the laboratory with the diamond-anvil cell. These tools (and length-of-day studies) have let us peer through the layers of the Earth until at last we can contemplate the core. What the Core Is Made Of Considering that the whole Earth on average consists of the same mixture of stuff we see elsewhere in the solar system, the core has to be iron metal along with some nickel. But its less dense than pure iron, so about 10 percent of the core must be something lighter. Ideas about what that light ingredient is have been evolving. Sulfur and oxygen have been candidates for a long time, and even hydrogen has been considered. Lately, there has been a rise of interest in silicon, as high-pressure experiments and simulations suggest that it may dissolve in molten iron better than we thought. Maybe more than one of these is down there. It takes a lot of ingenious reasoning and uncertain assumptions to propose any particular recipe- but the subject is not beyond all conjecture. Seismologists continue to probe the inner core. The cores eastern hemisphere appears to differ from the western hemisphere in the way the iron crystals are aligned. The problem is hard to attack because seismic waves have to go pretty much straight from an earthquake, right through the Earths center, to a seismograph. Events and machines that happen to be lined up just right are rare. And the effects are subtle. Core Dynamics In 1996, Xiadong Song and Paul Richards confirmed a prediction that the inner core rotates slightly faster than the rest of the Earth. The magnetic forces of the geodynamo seem to be responsible. Over geologic time, the inner core grows as the whole Earth cools. At the top of the outer core, iron crystals freeze out and rain into the inner core. At the base of the outer core, the iron freezes under pressure taking much of the nickel with it. The remaining liquid iron is lighter and rises. These rising and falling motions, interacting with geomagnetic forces, stir the whole outer core at a speed of 20 kilometers a year or so. The planet Mercury also has a large iron core and a magnetic field, though much weaker than Earths. Recent research hints that Mercurys core is rich in sulfur and that a similar freezing process stirs it, with iron snow falling and sulfur-enriched liquid rising. Core studies surged in 1996 when computer models by Gary Glatzmaier and Paul Roberts first reproduced the behavior of the geodynamo, including spontaneous reversals. Hollywood gave Glatzmaier an unexpected audience when it used his animations in the action movie The Core. Recent high-pressure lab work by Raymond Jeanloz, Ho-Kwang (David) Mao and others has given us hints about the core-mantle boundary, where liquid iron interacts with silicate rock. The experiments show that core and mantle materials undergo strong chemical reactions. This is the region where many think mantle plumes originate, rising to form places like the Hawaiian Islands chain, Yellowstone, Iceland, and other surface features. The more we learn about the core, the closer it becomes. PS: The small, close-knit group of core specialists all belong to the SEDI (Study of the Earths Deep Interior) group and read its Deep Earth Dialog newsletter. And they use the Special Bureau for the Cores website  as a central repository for geophysical and bibliographic data.

Behaviorism and Learning Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Behaviorism and Learning - Term Paper Example Generally, it has been observed that behaviors are derived from perceptions. Most of the practitioners have supported this statement through one way or other. This paper briefly discusses the experiments of renowned theorist in the field of psychology. It is believed that at the time of birth, human mind is tabula rasa which means a blank slate. As the mind starts to grow up and gathers information from the outside world (unconditioned stimuli), the behavior of the child starts to shape (conditioned response). By considering the consequences of the experiments discussed in this paper, it can be stated that behaviors are derived from perception and therefore, it can be stated that unconditioned stimuli leads to conditioned response. Summarize behaviorism and how it has affected the understanding of learning. Be sure to include the following information: Introduction The fundamental principle upon which behaviorism operates is ‘stimulus-response’. Its basic concept states that all behaviors are caused primarily by external stimuli. Behaviorism assumes that a learner is, in essence, a passive subject which responds to external stimuli. Under the theory of behaviorism, it is believed that at birth, human mind is tabula rasa which means a clean slate and behavior is shaped as soon as the mind starts to conceive external information and stimuli.... Out of all those, some major contributors of behaviorism are: Pavlov (1897) - In order to investigate the behaviorism theory, Pavlov conducted a research studying digestion in dogs. Watson (1913) – Watson published an article naming â€Å"Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It† and initiated a behavioral school of psychology. Watson and Rayner (1920) – programmed an orphan called Little Albert aka Albert B in order to scare the white rat. Thorndike (1905) – formulated the â€Å"Law of Effect† Skinner (1936) – Skinner was the first one who introduced the concepts of shaping and conditioning. Skinner wrote â€Å"The Behavior of Organisms†. Clark Hull’s (1943) – published â€Å"Principles of Behavior†. B.F. Skinner (1948) – formalized Walden Two in which he explained the foundation of utopian society upon behaviorist principles. Bandura (1963) – combines the concepts of behavioral and cognitive framework in his book called as â€Å"Social Learning Theory and Personality Development†. B.F Skinner (1971) – argues upon the concept that ‘free will is an illusion’ in his book named as â€Å"Beyond Freedom and Dignity† (McLeod, 2007). Main Components of Behaviorism Theory The two major components of Behaviorism Theory are: i. Classic Conditioning Classical conditioning is the fundamental response to stimuli. It is that conditioning in which a programmed or conditioned stimuli is paired with unconditioned stimulus until the conditioned stimulus becomes sufficient enough to educe the response ii. Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning has the basic notion of responding to the results of our actions. Operant conditioning is that component of the theory in which behavior is strengthened when reinforcement is